Table 1 The craniofacial skeletal landmarks used in the study
Landmark | Abb. | Definition |
|---|---|---|
Nasion | N | The anterior and superior frontonasal sutures meet in the middle. |
Sella | S | The hypophyseal fossa’s centre is in the middle cranial fossa (Sella turcica). |
Basion | Ba | The cranial base’s posterior tip. Sagittally, the foramen magnum’s most inferior posterior point. |
Orbital | Or | The lowest point on the orbit’s inferior border is left or right. |
Right-Left Porion | Po | The external auditory meatus’s most outer and superior bony points are right and left. |
Gonion | Go | The place where the ramus line and the mandible body line connect at a bisecting angle. |
Gnathion | Gn | The mandibular symphysis’s most anterior and inferior point on the contour. |
Anterior nasal spine | ANS | The most anterior and middle of the maxilla’s anterior nasal spine |
IncisiveForamen | IF | The incisive foramen centre was mediolaterally at the maxillary mid palatine and existed posterior to the central incisors. |
Posterior nasal spine | PNS | The palatine bone’s most posterior midpoint of the posterior nasal spine |