Fig. 4

A-C The preoperative, immediate and one-year postoperative three-dimensional images of maxillofacial region before and after reduction malarplasty with orthognathic surgery, showing the prominent zygomas preoperatively (black and white arrowheads in A), immediate postoperative shape (arrowheads in C), and their postoperative appearance after one year (arrowheads in B). D and E The morphological comparison of the preoperative (D) and the one-year postoperative (E) craniofacial region, being focused on the contour of the zygoma (indicated by the white and black arrowheads), from the same subject of the simulation and surgery in Fig 3 and 4. F Color-coded discrepancy map comparing the simulated and immediate postoperative 3D model for reduction malarplasty, showing the limited level of their discrepancy (as indicated by arrow). The superimposition accuracy of simulation and postsurgical models, measured as the inter-surface average distance of two cranial models, was 0.13 ± 0.09. G and H Comparison of the preoperative (Fig 4D) and the one-year postoperative (Fig. 4E) facial appearances, being focused on the contour of the zygoma (indicated by the white and black arrowheads), of the same subject for simulations and surgery in Figs. 3and 4. I The superimposition of preoperative simulation model (in gray) and the postoperative model (in transparent light green) to show the left malarplasty region. Five reference points (marked as white points surrounded by orange circles and indicated by arrows) were marked on the surface of postoperative light green model: center (C), upper (frontal;A), lower (maxillary; E), anterior (orbital; B), and posterior (zygoma arch;D). Average distances between two corresponding reference points of the simulation and postoperative 3D models ranged between 0.59 and 1.42 mm, median distances for all five points reaching 0.93 ± 0.64 mm