Table 2 Clavien-Dindo Classification System for Surgical Complications

I

Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic, or radiological interventions. The permitted therapeutic regimens include drugs, such as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, and electrolytes, and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections that required opening at the bedside.

II

Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than those permitted for grade I complications, including blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition.

III

Requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention

IIIa

Intervention not under general anesthesia

IIIb

Intervention under general anesthesia

IV

Life-threatening complications (including those affecting the central nervous system) that require management in a high dependency or intensive therapy unit

IVa

Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis)

IVb

Multiorgan dysfunction

V

Death