Fig. 5

Three-dimensional distances between the zygoma reference points produced on presurgical simulation and postsurgical models (N = 20 for each point). The measurements at each point were displayed in boxplots with median, maximum, and minimum, with their upper and lower quartiles, to indicate the higher accuracy level at the point (A and B). The statistical analysis and comparison was performed by Kruskal-Wallis test, and Dunn’s comparison test (* p < 0.05), as shown in the figure. The measured reference points were designated as follows: Center (C) at the zygoma center; Upper (A) at the zygoma upper area for frontal direction; Lower (E) at the zygoma lower area for maxillary direction; Anterior (B) at the zygoma anterior area for orbital direction; Posterior (D) at the zygoma posterior area for zygoma arch direction