Fig. 1
Cephalometric landmarks (schematic) of craniofacial hard and soft tissues. 1: sella (S); 2: nasion (N); 3: porion (P); 4: basion (Ba); 5: orbitale (Or); 6: posterior nasal spine (PNS); 7: anterior nasal spine (ANS); 8: subspinale (A); 9: superior prosthion (SPr); 10: palatal superior prosthion (Spr(p)); 11: edge of upper incisor (UIE); 12: apex of upper incisor (UIA); 13: resistance of upper incisor (UIR); 14: mesial buccal cusp of upper first molar (UMC); 15: resistance of upper first molar (UMR); 16: pterygomaxillary fissure (Ptm); 17: mesial buccal apex of upper first molar (UMA); 18: edge of lower incisor (LIE); 19: infradentale (Id); 20: lingual infradentale (Id(l)); 21: apex of lower incisor (LIA); 22: resistance of lower incisor (LIR); 23: supramental (B); 24: pogonion (Pg); 25: gnathion (Gn); 26: menton (Me); 27: tangent gonion (Tgo); 28: gonion (Go); 29: posterior gonion (Gop); 30: articulare (Ar); 31: condylion (Co); 32: mesial cusp of lower first molar (LMC); 33: resistance of lower first molar (LMR); 34: midpoint of UMC and LMC (Interdental-M); 35: midpoint of upper and lower second bicuspids (Interdental-B); 36: midpoint of UIE and LIE (Interdental-I); 37: posterior condylion (Cop); 38: mesial apex of lower first molar (LMA); 39: nasion of soft tissue (Ns); 40: pronasale (Prn); 41: columella (Cm); 42: subnasale (Sn); 43: subspinale of soft tissue (As); 44: upper lip (UL); 45: stomion superius (Stoms); 46: stomion inferius (Stomi); 47: lower lip (LL); 48: supramental of soft tissue (Bs); 49: pogonion of soft tissue (Pos); 50: gnathion of soft tissue (Gns); 51: menton of soft tissue (Mes); 52: cervical point (C); 53: posterior-resistance-on-bone of upper incisor (URP-p); 54: posterior-resistance-on-root of upper incisor (URP); 55: anterior-resistance-on-root of upper incisor (URA); 56: anterior-resistance-on-bone of upper incisor (URA-a); 57: posterior-resistance-on-bone of lower incisor (LRP-p); 58: posterior-resistance-on-root of lower incisor (LRP); 59: anterior-resistance-on-root of lower incisor (LRA); 60: anterior-resistance-on-bone of lower incisor (LRA-a)