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Table 11 Advantages and disadvantages of 3d superimposition methods

From: Measurement error and reliability of three available 3D superimposition methods in growing patients

Superimposition methods

Features

CMFreg/Slicer

Dolphin

Landmark-derived

Processing Time

Up to 3 h from segmentation to color-coded maps. Cranial base registration itself takes from 5 to 60 min

Up to 50 min if numerical assessment and color–coded maps for visual evaluation are required. Cranial base registration itself takes about10 minutes, but it often fails, requiring repetition, which increasing time

Up to 35 min from landmarking to numerical assessment. Approximately 15 min for landmarking only. Numerical assessment requires another 15–20 min

Complexity

Highly complex for a naïve user. Multiple steps and two different software programs are used throughout the process

Easy to use but utilizes a volume cube for reference not only stable structures. 3D surfaces visual and quantitative evaluations after registration steps require similar steps to CMFreg/Slicer and need to be followed using Slicer and ITK-Snap software programs

Easy to use. Only landmark placement is required

Convenience/Access

Open-source software programs. 3D Slicer and ITK-Snap

License required

License required

Visual Assessment

Superimposition of surface models and color-coded maps for more thorough visual evaluation

Superimposition of surface models and color-coded maps using other software for more thorough visual evaluation

Not available

Reliability

Excellent reliability

Excellent reliability

Good reliability

Measurement Error

Less than 0.7 mm

Less than 0.4 mm

Less than 1.2 mm when assessed reliability. However, there was a magnified error when compared to the voxel-based methods

Accuracy

No gold standard available

No gold standard available

No gold standard available