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Table 2 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress

From: Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorder in the Lebanese population, and its association with depression, anxiety, and stress

Variable

Depression

Anxiety

Stress

Gender

 Male

5.92 ± 4.17

5.10 ± 3.49

10.24 ± 8.44

 Female

6.97 ± 4.75

6.32 ± 4.34

12.41 ± 10.11

 p

0.035

0.007

0.042

Governorate

 Beirut

6.23 ± 4.43

6.67 ± 3.29

9.53 ± 9.54

 Mount Lebanon

6.81 ± 4.60

6.06 ± 4.28

12.42 ± 9.76

 North

6.26 ± 5.12

5.40 ± 4.07

11.14 ± 9.68

 South

6.67 ± 4.91

6.11 ± 4.39

11.52 ± 8.70

 Bekaa

6.03 ± 3.69

4.87 ± 3.36

10.49 ± 8.88

 p

0.729

0.065

0.243

Education level

 Illiterate/primary/ complementary

4.22 ± 3.93

4.39 ± 3.96

8.17 ± 8.31

 Secondary

6.80 ± 4.81

5.91 ± 4.24

12.97 ± 10.26

 University

6.47 ± 4.32

5.73 ± 3.91

10.44 ± 8.72

 p

0.074

0.330

0.018

Monthly income

 < 1000 USD

6.47 ± 4.42

5.23 ± 3.48

11.16 ± 8.68

 1000–2000 USD

6.38 ± 4.36

5.81 ± 4.10

10.52 ± 9.19

 > 2000 USD

5.83 ± 4.26

5.13 ± 3.30

10.19 ± 8.21

 p

0.617

0.510

0.684

Sleep apnea

 No

6.35 ± 4.27

5.59 ± 3.75

10.98 ± 8.90

 Yes

7.97 ± 5.40

7.36 ± 5.07

14.65 ± 11.57

 p

0.036

0.014

0.027

Cigarette smoking

 No

6.43 ± 4.44

5.73 ± 4.02

11.12 ± 9.01

 Yes

7.09 ± 4.88

6.09 ± 4.18

13.43 ± 11.23

 p

0.364

0.667

0.264

Waterpipe smoking

 No

6.49 ± 4.56

5.79 ± 4.04

11.22 ± 9.22

 Yes

6.73 ± 4.25

5.76 ± 4.04

12.82 ± 10.29

 p

0.503

0.931

0.278

Bruxism at night

 No

6.12 ± 4.34

5.53 ± 3.85

10.71 ± 8.81

 Yes

7.91 ± 4.43

6.62 ± 4.08

14.09 ± 10.53

 p

0.001

0.051

0.008

Dental gutter

 No

6.36 ± 4.53

5.75 ± 4.06

11.02 ± 9.31

 Yes

7.75 ± 4.33

6.17 ± 3.84

14.18 ± 9.60

 p

0.012

0.275

0.017

Presence of TMJ

 No

6.21 ± 4.41

5.50 ± 3.95

10.82 ± 9.04

 Yes

7.77 ± 4.69

6.91 ± 4.19

13.88 ± 10.47

 p

0.005

0.01

0.015

Kind of work

 Desk

7.43 ± 5.03

6.55 ± 4.42

13.04 ± 10.60

 Standing

6.00 ± 4.24

5.61 ± 4.10

11.05 ± 8.66

 Computer

5.97 ± 4.35

5.23 ± 3.39

9.33 ± 8.87

 p

0.042

0.08

0.036

  1. Numbers in bold indicate significant p-values based on the corrected p ≤ 0.002.