Table 1 Retraction guidelines and definitions adopted from the Glossary of retractions [11], Committee on Publication Ethics [12], and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors [13]
From: From honest mistakes to fake news – approaches to correcting the scientific literature
| Group | Action | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Requesting concerns to | ||
| -Institutions of authors | ||
| Editors | Correspondence | -Institutions of co-authors |
| -Person responsible for research governance | ||
| -Regulatory body | ||
| Editors, authors, readers | Letters | Published letter to the editor |
| Editors | Editor’s note | A minor point issued by the editor. |
| Editors | Editor’s warning | An issued statement by journal editors eliciting concern over the validity of a given paper or study. |
| Editors | Expression of concern | A statement issued by the editor to question the validity of a paper or portions of that paper. |
| Editors, authors | Errata | Published corrections |
| Editors, authors | Partial retraction | Retraction of a portion of a paper |
| Authors | Retraction | Formal withdrawal of one or more papers by one or all of the authors |
| Authors, editors | Retraction with republication | Replacement in case where a honest error (e.g. miscalculation) leads to a major change of the results of the original paper |
| Editors, institutions, funders | Retraction without permission | The formal withdrawal of one or more papers by a journal editor, the institution where the study took place, one or more of the papers authors, or funders. |