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Table 2 Means (±SD) of color changes (∆E) at various time intervals for 3 aligners brands, 5 staining agents and 2 cleansers

From: Colorimetric and spectrophotometric measurements of orthodontic thermoplastic aligners exposed to various staining sources and cleaning methods

Brand

Staining agent

Cleanser

∆E (T1-T0) IC

∆E (T2-T0) IC

∆E (T3-T1)

IC

∆E (T3-T2)

IC

∆E (T3-T0)

12 h group

IC

∆E (T3-T0)

7d group

IC

INV

Coffee

Crystals

7.12 (±2.27) a

27.76 (±4.99) a

1.51 (±0.38)

a

1.72 (±1.23)

a

6.29 (±2.35)

a

29.83 (±2.50)

a

RB

1.41 (±0.59)

1.47 (±0.57)

5.48 (±2.77)

22.94 (±3.20)

Cola

Crystals

0.92 (±0.34) a

0.74 (±0.27) a

0.80 (±0.23)

a

0.82 (±0.37)

a

1.22 (±0.28)

b

0.69 (±0.59)

a

RB

0.35 (±0.09)

0.51 (±0.20)

1.01 (±0.22)

0.75 (±0.18)

Saliva

Crystals

0.90 (±0.27) ab

1.06 (±0.18) b

0.41 (±0.20)

a

0.45 (±0.28)

a

1.05 (±0.43)

ab

1.33 (±0.31)

a

RB

0.53 (±0.21)

0.52 (±0.16)

1.11 (±0.38)

1.44 (±0.27)

Tea

Crystals

1.56 (±0.65) a

23.01 (±3.24) a

1.27 (±0.49)

a

22.07 (±4.28)

a

0.95 (±0.26)

b

3.15 (±1.33)

a

RB

1.15 (±0.41)

17.14 (±2.19)

1.27 (±0.42)

4.86 (±1.12)

Wine

Crystals

5.66 (±0.43) a

15.75 (±2.99) a

0.61 (±0.35)

n/a

1.71 (±0.87)

b

5.00 (±0.47)

a

15.84 (±2.25)

a

RB

2.00 (±0.90)

1.22 (±0.70)

4.02 (±1.09)

13.20 (±2.65)

CC

Coffee

Crystals

0.98 (±0.25) b

1.97 (±0.67) b

1.26 (±0.40)

a

1.81 (±0.33)

a

1.20 (±0.32)

b

1.08 (±0.42)

b

RB

1.25 (±0.28)

2.02 (±0.88)

1.13 (±0.59)

0.98 (±0.18)

Cola

Crystals

0.88 (±0.32) a

0.87 (±0.26) a

0.89 (±0.37)

a

0.61 (±0.37)

a

0.97 (±0.59)

b

1.13 (±0.41)

a

RB

0.84 (±0.25)

0.41 (±0.17)

1.31 (±0.18)

0.92 (±0.40)

Saliva

Crystals

1.20 (±0.51) a

1.33 (±0.57) b

0.67 (±0.30)

a

0.71 (±0.21)

a

1.17 (±0.45)

a

0.99 (±0.51)

ab

RB

0.47 (±0.43)

0.71 (±0.49)

1.15 (±0.49)

1.28 (±0.54)

Tea

Crystals

0.85 (±0.29) b

19.28 (±3.51) a

0.99 (±0.23)

a

18.87 (±2.45)

a

0.49 (±0.15)

a

1.39 (±0.62)

b

RB

1.01 (±0.18)

15.71 (±4.49)

0.31 (±0.38)

2.91 (±0.38)

Wine

Crystals

1.47 (±0.25) b

1.22 (±0.47) b

2.03 (±0.43)

n/a

1.40 (±0.68)

ab

1.26 (±0.32)

b

1.23 (±0.40)

b

RB

1.90 (±0.20)

1.13 (±0.48)

1.18 (±0.25)

0.97 (±0.68)

MTM

Coffee

Crystals

0.91 (±0.32) b

1.45 (±0.42) b

1.32 (±0.39)

a

1.78 (±0.41)

a

0.55 (±0.15)

c

0.61 (±0.18)

c

RB

1.12 (±0.30)

1.01 (±0.38)

0.79 (±0.32)

0.85 (±0.30)

Cola

Crystals

0.65 (±0.33) a

0.78 (±0.21) a

0.59 (±0.29)

a

0.52 (±0.09)

a

0.54 (±0.24)

a

0.86 (±0.18)

a

RB

0.72 (±0.26)

0.66 (±0.14)

0.94 (±0.28)

0.89 (±0.30)

Saliva

Crystals

0.63 (±0.29) b

0.66 (±0.23) a

0.58 (±0.11)

a

0.68 (±0.29)

a

0.68 (±0.18)

b

0.96 (±0.32)

b

RB

0.55 (±0.13)

0.66 (±0.08)

0.75 (±0.31)

0.70 (±0.19)

Tea

Crystals

1.03 (±0.36) b

21.21 (±2.98) a

1.37 (±0.41)

a

21.02 (±2.01)

a

0.81 (±0.50)

b

0.73 (±0.26)

b

RB

0.86 (±0.38)

19.16 (±3.62)

0.77 (±0.24)

2.14 (±1.33)

Wine

Crystals

0.90 (±0.26) c

0.81 (±0.42) b

0.97 (±0.27)

n/a

0.69 (±0.09)

a

0.87 (±0.27)

c

0.90 (±0.29)

b

RB

1.39 (±0.20)

0.66 (±0.40)

0.79 (±0.30)

0.86 (±0.33)

  1. SD standard deviation, CC ClearCorrect, INV Invisalign, MTM Minor Tooth Movement, RB Retainer Brite, IC Intergroup comparison. Intergroup comparison of color differences among the various aligner types according to the Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Non-identical letters (a, b and c) indicate a statistically significant difference between aligner types in each solution at each time point (P < 0.05). n/a was used as the t-test demonstrated a different effect among the two cleansers as described in the results section