Table 2 Soft tissue facial landmarks used in the study
From: Ontogeny of the facial phenotypic variability in Mexican patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
No | Landmarks | Definition |
|---|---|---|
Sagittal Line | ||
 1 | Gnation | The lowest point in the midline on the lower border of the chin. |
 2 | Labiale inferius | The midpoint of the vermilion border of the lower lip. |
 3 | Stomion | The midpoint of the labial fissure when the lips are closed naturally. |
 4 | Labiale superius | The midpoint of the vermilion border of the upper lip. |
 9 | Subnasale | The junction between the lower borders of the nasal septum. |
 12 | Trichion | Midpoint of the hairline. |
Bilateral | ||
 5,8 | Crista Philtre | The point of the crest of the philtrum, above the vermilion border. |
 6,7 | Chelion | The outer corner of the mouth where the upper and lower lips meet. |
 10,11 | Alare crest | The most lateral point on the nasal ala. |
 13,17 | Endocanthion | The inner corner of the eye fissure where the eyelids meet. |
 14,18 | Exocanthion | The outer corner of the eye fissure where the eyelids meet. |
 15,19 | Palpebral superius | The highest point on the upper margin of the middle portion of the eyelid. |
 16,20 | Palpebral inferius | The lowest point on the upper margin of the middle portion of the eyelid. |
 21,22 | Photographic zygion | The most external point on the margin of the face below the eyes. |
 23,24 | Photographic gonion | The most outward projecting point on the face along the horizontal axis of the mouth. |
 25,27 | Superaurale | The highest point on the upper edge of the helix of the ear. |
 26,28 | Subaurale | The lowest point on the lobe of the ear. |