Fig. 2

Clinical, radiographic, and histological observations in Case 1. a The implant is placed into the cavity created by the SFE procedure. b The cavity is filled with MSC-CM/β-TCP. c The second surgery. A bone biopsy was taken from the newly formed bone 6 months after the SFE procedure. d-f CT images before and after the SFE procedure. d Before the SFE procedure. e Three months after the SFE procedure. f Six months after the SFE procedure. g, h, i Histologic findings of the specimen from the augmented area (H-E stain). g Out line of the specimen (×12.5). h Nasal side of the specimen (H; ×100). i Oral side of the specimen (×100). Newly formed bone was seen throughout the specimen. Arrow indicates the arrangement of osteoblasts along with the newly formed bone. The residual β-TCP granules were seen at the nasal side of specimen. The dotted arrow indicates β-TCP resorption by osteoclasts. (TCP: β-TCP, NB: Newly formed bone)