Authors | Year | Country | Number of all studied cases | Curving, Kinking, Tortuosity | Coiling, Looping | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  | No of cases | % | No of cases | % |
Borioni et al [21] | 1994 | Italy | 653 | 37 | 6.7 | - | - |
Koskas et al [32] | 1993 | France | 2304 | 139 | 6.0 | 35 | 1.5 |
La Barbera et al [33] | 2006 | Italy | 169 | 10 | 5.9 | - | - |
Pancera et al [29] | 2000 | Italy | 590 | 368 | 62.4 | - | - |
Paulsen et al [8] | 2000 | Germany | 282 | 86 | 30.5 | 5 | 1.8 |
Poulias et al [50] | 1996 | Greece | 1123 | 38 | 3.4 | 21 | 1.9 |
Tillmann et al [18] | 1995 | Germany | 89 | 4 | 4.5 | - | - |
Togay-Isikay et al [24] | 2005 | Turkey | 345 | 78 | 22.6 | 7 | 2.0 |
Van Damme et al [26] | 1996 | Belgium | 2188 | 62 | 2.8 | - | - |
Our study | 2007 | Trinidad | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | 1 | 7.1 |